Conversely, if someone has a negative perception of themselves, they may experience low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression. For example, if someone has a positive perception of themselves, they may be more confident, optimistic, and self-assured. The perception of self can have important implications for an individual's behavior, emotions, and well-being. While interoception is largely informed by internal experiences, this form of self-perception is shaped by a combination of personal experiences, cultural and social expectations, and feedback from others. That is, self-perception would include your perception of your abilities, personality traits, behaviors, appearance, and other character traits (Kleinke, 1978). Perception of self may also refer to your perception of the way you are in the world or the way others see you. That is, it’s the way it feels to be you. In many ways, interoception can be understood as the subjective experience of the self. Interoception also includes more abstract experiences such as the sense of agency and emotional states like joy and fear (Ceunen et al., 2016). Interoception includes the perception of bodily states such as hunger, pain, fatigue, nausea, and anxiety. The first is the process of perceiving the internal state of the body, also known as interoception. Perception of self may refer to at least two different processes. For example, when you hold your arm out in front of you, stretch receptors in your muscles are indicating that they are being pulled which informs your brain that you have an outstretched arm. Proprioception : Proprioception refers to the way in which our bodies interpret sensory signals from our muscles to understand the position of our bodies or where our limbs are with respect to the rest of our bodies.Pain perception: This is the experience of both bodily pain transmitted from sense receptors in your body and psychological pain that is created from external experiences, such as rejection, but experienced internally (Eisenberger & Lieberman, 2004).For example, perceiving that time passes quickly during an exciting event, but slowly during a boring one. Time perception : The subjective experience of the passage of time.For example, perceiving the difference between the smell of coffee and tea based on their unique scents. Smell perception : Also called olfaction, this is the ability to interpret and make sense of smell information, such as the scent of perfume, flowers, or food.For example, perceiving the difference between different types of food based on taste. Taste perception : The ability to interpret and make sense of taste information, such as sweet, sour, salty, and bitter.For example, perceiving the difference between a soft and a rough surface based on touch. Touch perception : The ability to interpret and make sense of touch information, such as pressure, temperature, and texture.For example, perceiving the difference between different musical instruments based on the sounds they produce. Auditory perception : The ability to interpret and make sense of auditory information, such as sound, pitch, and rhythm.For example, perceiving the difference between a tree and a rock based on their shape and texture. Visual perception : The ability to interpret and make sense of visual information, such as shape, color, and movement.There are many different kinds of sensory data that our brain organizes into a perceptual experience. Perception can be influenced by personal experiences, emotions, motivations, and expectations, and can sometimes lead to perceptual illusions and misinterpretations of reality. The act of perceiving involves various cognitive processes such as attention, sensation, and memory, that allow us to recognize, understand, and interpret our surroundings. Put simply, perception is the process by which the brain interprets and organizes sensory information from the environment to produce a meaningful experience of the world. Perception is the translation of all of this sense data into the coherent experience of reading an article. For example, while you’re sitting at a computer reading this article, your brain is receiving tactile information from receptors in your skin activated by the sensation of clothing and the pressure on your body from sitting in a chair, auditory information conveying any music or ambient noise that is currently tickling the hair cells in your ears, visual information from the light hitting your retina produced by your computer or phone, proprioceptive information about the relative position of your body parts with respect to one another, and much more. Our brains are constantly bombarded by a barrage of sensory data.
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